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ceteris paribus
''ラテン語:Ceteris paribus'' or ''ラテン語:caeteris paribus'' is a Latin phrase meaning "with other things the same" or "all or other things being equal or held constant" or "all other things being equal" or "all else being equal". A prediction or a statement about a causal, empirical, or logical relation between two states of affairs is ''ceteris paribus'' if it is acknowledged that the prediction, although usually accurate in expected conditions, can fail or the relation can be abolished by intervening factors.〔 chapter 2〕
A ''ceteris paribus'' assumption is often key to scientific inquiry, as scientists seek to screen out factors that perturb a relation of interest. Thus, epidemiologists for example may seek to control independent variables as factors that may influence dependent variables—the outcomes or effects of interest. Likewise, in scientific modeling, simplifying assumptions permit illustration or elucidation of concepts thought relevant within the sphere of inquiry.
Whereas fundamental physics tends to state universal laws, other sciences, such as biology, psychology, and economics, tend to state laws that hold true in "normal conditions" but have exceptions, ''ceteris paribus'' laws (cp laws).〔Alexander Reutlinger, Gerhard Schurz & Andreas Hüttemann, ("Ceteris paribus laws" ), in Edward N Zalta, ed, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Spring 2014 edn.〕 The focus on universal laws is a criterion distinguishing fundamental physics as fundamental science, whereas ''ceteris paribus'' laws are predominant in most other sciences as special sciences, whose laws hold in special cases.〔 This distinction assumes a logical empiricist view of science. It does not readily apply in a mechanistic understanding of scientific discovery. There is reasonable disagreement as to whether mechanisms or laws are the appropriate model, though mechanisms are the favored method. 〔 Glennan, S. (2014). Mechanisms. In M. Curd & S. Psillos (Eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of
science (2nd ed., pp. 420–428). New York: Routledge. 〕
== Economics ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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